E.S.C.O.N.I.

BLASTOID REFERENCES

AUSICH, W. I., AND D. L. MEYER. 1988. Blastoids from the Late Osagean Fort Payne Formation (Kentucky and Tennessee). Journal of Paleontology, 62:269-283.

_____ _____ AND J. A. WATERS. 1988. Middle Mississippian blastoid extinction event. Science, 240:796-798.

BEAVER, H. H. 1961. Morphology of the blastoid Globoblastus norwoodi. Journal of Paleontology, 35:1103-1112.

BROADHEAD, T. W. 1984. Macurdablastus, a Middle Ordovician blastoid from the southern Appalachians. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 110, 9p.

CLINE, L. M. 1936. Blastoids of the Osage Group, Mississippian: Part I. The genus Schizoblastus.  Journal of Paleontology, 10:260-281.

_____ 1937. Blastoids of the Osage Group, Mississippian: Part II. The genus Cryptoblastus.

           Journal of Paleontology, 11:634-649.

FAY, R. 0. 1961. Blastoid studies. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions,Article 3, 147   p. 

AND I. G. REIMANN. 1962. Some brachiolar and ambulacral structures of blastoids.

Oklahoma Geology Notes, 22:3049.

GALLOWAY, J. J., AND H. V. KASKA. 1957. Genus Pentremites and its species. Geological Society of America Memoir 69, 104 p.

HOROWITZ, A. S., S. ABLE, AND H. L. STRIMPLE. 1986. Abnormalities in Pentremites Say (Blastoidea) from the Pella Formation (Upper Mississippian) of Iowa. Journal of Paleontology,

60:390-399.

___ R. F. BLAKELY, AND D. B. MACURDA, JR. 1985. Taxonomic survivorship within the Blastoidea (Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology, 59:543-550.

____ D. B. MACURDA, JR., AND 1. A. WATERS. 1986. Polyphyly in the Pentremitidae (Blastoidea, Echinodermata). Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97:156-161.

KATZ, S. 0. 1978. Revision of the Morrowan (Lower Mississippian) Pentremites from Oklahoma and Arkansas.  Journal of Paleontology, 52:675-682.

____ AND J. SPRINKLE. 1976. Fossilized eggs in a Pennsylvanian blastoid. Science, 192:1137-1139.

MACURDA, D. B., JR. 1964. A new spiraculate blastoid, Pyramiblastus, from the Mississippian Hampton Formation of Iowa. Contributions from the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, XIX(8): 105-114.

_____ 1965a. The functional morphology and stratigraphic distribution of the Mississippian blastoid genus Orophocrinus. Journal of Paleontology, 39:1045-1096.

_____ 1965b. Hydrodynamics of the Mississippian blastoid genus Globobk.zstus. Journal of Paleontology, 39:1209-1217.

_____ 1966. The ontogeny of the Mississippian blastoid Orophocrinus. Journal of Paleontology, 40:92-124.

_____ 1975. The Pentremites (Blastoidea) of the Burlington Limestone (Mississippian). Journal of Paleontology, 49:346-373.

_____ 1979. The ontogeny and taxonomy of the Mississippian blastoid genus Sc/zizoblastus. Contributions from the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, 25(3):45-87.

_____ 1980. Abnormalities of the Carbomferous blastoid Pentremites. Journal of Paleontology, 54:1155-1 162.

_____ 1983. Systematics of the fissiculate Blastoidea. University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology Papers on Paleontology No. 22, 291 p.

MOORE, R. C. (ed.). 1967. Treastise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part S. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press. 650 n.

STRIMPLE, H.L. 1977. Unusual morphological features in the blastoid genus Pentremites. Geological Magazine, 114(1):9-13

WATERS, J.A. 1990. The paleobiogeography of the Blastoidea (Echinodermata). P339-352. In, W.S. McKerrow and C.R. Scotese (eds.), Palaeozoic Paleogeography and Biogeography, Geological Soceity Memoir No. 12

_____, AND A.S. HOROWITZ, 1993. Ordinal-level evolution in the Blastoidea. Lethaia, 26:207-213.

_____ ,_____ AND D.B. MACURDA, JR. 1985. Ontogeny and phylogeny of the Carboniferous blastoid Pentremites. Journal of Paleontology, 59:701-712

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Last Updated 1/28/2002