Earth Science Club of Northern Illinois - ESCONI

PBS Eons: How Earth's First, Unkillable Animals Saved the World

 

PBS Eons has another new episode.  This time they discuss sponges and how they saved the world to allow more complex life to evolve.

They have survived every catastrophe and every mass extinction event that nature has thrown at them. And by being the little, filter-feeding, water-cleaning creatures that they are, sponges may have saved the world.

Thanks to Franz Anthony and Julio Lacerda for their wonderful illustrations of sponges and snowball earth and other things. You can find more of their work here: https://252mya.com/

SciNews: Paleontologists Identify Oldest Known Ancestor of Mackerel Sharks

A whole skeleton of Palaeocarcharias stromeri from the Jura Museum Eichstätt. Image credit: Jürgen Kriwet.

SciNews has an article about the ancestor of Mackerel sharks.  The article is from earlier this month, but posting it seems appropriate with Shark Week occurring this week.  An ancestor of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) has been found.  Palearocarcharias stromeri was a small benthic shark, which lived about 165 million years ago, during the Jurassic period.  The researchers looked at tooth structure to determine ancestry in sharks.  The findings were published in the Nature journal Scientific Reports.

“Similar to humans, shark teeth are composed of two mineralized structures: a hard shell of hypermineralized tissue (in humans enamel, in sharks enameloid) and a dentin core,” said Dr. Patrick Jambura from the University of Vienna and colleagues.

“Depending on the structure of the dentin we distinguish between two different types: orthodentin and osteodentin.”

“Orthodentin has a very compact appearance and is similar to the dentin we can find in human teeth.”

“In shark teeth, orthodentin is confined to the tooth crown. In contrast, the other dentin type is spongious in appearance and resembles real bone and therefore is called osteodentin.”

“It can be found in the root, anchoring the tooth to the jaw and in some species also in the tooth crown where it supports the orthodentin.”

Using high resolution micro-CT images, the scientists examined the tooth composition of the great white shark and its relatives.

They found a peculiar condition of the teeth of members of this group: the osteodentin of the roots intrudes into the crown and replaces the orthodentin there completely, making it the only type of dentin being present. This condition is not known from any other shark, which all possess orthodentin to some degree and thus it is confined to members of this group.

Rock and Fossil Garage Sale, Saturday August 3rd, 2019 - From the Collection of Dave and Sheila Bergmann

There will be a sale of rocks and fossils from the collection of Dave and Sheila Bergmann on Saturday, August 3rd, 2019 at 401 S. Lombard Ave, Lombard , IL from 10 AM to 5 PM.

 

This is mostly less-expensive material in flats. There will be other sales this Fall with more material and specimens.

 

NPR: College Student Discovers 65-Million-Year-Old Triceratops Skull

 

NPR has a story about hunting dinosaurs in the Badlands of North Dakota.  The post describes the adventures of college student Harrison Duran.  He grew up visiting the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles and dreamed of finding dinosaurs.  This year, he participated in a paleontology dig with Michael Kjelland, a biology professor at Mayville State University of North Dakota.  This summer he is working as an intern at Kjelland's nonprofit group, Fossil Excavators.  The result is a partial Triceratops skull.  Follow your dreams, they can come true!

"I'm just feeling absolute – it's almost like disbelief at first, but absolute just joy, excitement and it's a very fulfilling feeling," Duran tells NPR, about the moment the team made the find. "It's almost like a spiritual moment in a way because I've been so passionate about this topic."

After finding leaf fossils embedded in sandstone, the excavators continued forward and noticed the triceratops horn sticking out above the ground.

The dinosaur skull, which Kjelland and Duran named Alice, will be prepared for display after the specimen is solidified. Duran plans to have a mold exhibited at his school, where he is entering the fifth year of a 4+1 program in biology.

Duran's dinosaur passion is prehistoric. He can't remember the moment he first became infatuated.

"Since I was an infant I've always been so fascinated with a bunch of titans of these lost worlds," Duran says.

As a freshman biology student, he took a course on the History of Dinosaurs with Justin Yeakel.

"He was just one of the most curious students in the class," Yeakel says. "He probably knew about as much as I did about dinosaurs and would always ask really good questions."

Duran plans to continue on with his biology degree and keep going on expeditions with his fossil-hunting mentor Kjelland. He hopes that the 65-million-year-old skull will stimulate interest in the land before time and the world of nature.

ESCONI Field Trip to Starved Rock Clay Pit, Saturday August 17th, 2019

There will be a field trip to the Starved Rock Clay Pit on Saturday, August 17, 2019. This a combined trip with the Lincoln Orbit Earth Science Society (LOESS) of Springfield. There is room for 20 ESCONI members. The clay pit is located just south of Starved Rock State Park. I know the date conflicts with the Canal Corridor trip - sorry.

Other than the glacial overburden, everything at the clay pit is Pennsylvanian. From top down the layers are:

Mecca Quarry Shale - Black shale, hard.

Francis Creek Shale -  Mudstone from deltaic deposits.

Colchester No. 2 coal

Underclay - paleosol where the plants that made up the coal were rooted.

This location produces pyrite balls, pyritized wood, occasional vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in the black shake, and Mazon-like concretions. From my experience, the concretions do not split like typical Mazon concretions, but tend to degrade to flakes when subjected to freezing/thawing. The entry road is made with rock from the nearby Lone Star quarry (LaSalle Limestone and gray shale).

Rules:

1. Everyone in your party must be at least 18 years old and an ESCONI member by August 14, 2019.

 

2. Meet at the McDonald's in Oglesby by 8:30 AM. The address is 115 N. Lewis Avenue, Oglesby, IL. It is just east of I-39 on the east side of town. There will be a sign-in sheet there. We will then caravan to the clay pit. End time is a bit flexible - 1 PM at the earliest.

 

3. Bring and wear a hard hat and safety vest. Boots are strongly recommended as this location can be very muddy. If you plan to hammer on rocks then bring and wear eye protection. This is a big place, and a wagon or cart can be helpful.

 

4. This is not a hard-rock quarry, and the walls are not high, but exercise caution near any wall. If it looks unstable, don't go near it. Stay away from any equipment or cables.

 

5. The commercial product here is clay removed from pits in the quarry floor. These pits accumulate water. You must not go in the pits or the water.  The mud in and around the pits can suck you in and not let go!

 

6. If the entry road is in bad shape or there has been recent rain, vehicle access may be limited. We'll find out when we get there.

 

7. Please review the ESCONI Code of Ethics and Conduct on the website. It applies to field trips like this one. Those signed up will receive the ESCONI liability waiver by email before the trip. YOU DO NOT NEED TO PRINT OUT AND SIGN THE WAIVER, just know what you are agreeing to by signing in.

Sign up by sending me (Dave) an email at [email protected] giving the number of ESCONI members attending and their names. I will confirm by return email within 24 hours. If you don't hear from me in that time, send it again!

 

ESCONI Events August 2019

Field trips require membership, but visitors are welcome at all meetings!

Sat, August 17th	ESCONI Field Trip, Starved Rock Clay Pit, 8:30 AM to 1:00 PM - Details here
	ESCONI Junior Meeting - No meeting until September.  Have a great Summer!
	ESCONI General Meeting - No meeting until September.  Have a great Summer!
	ESCONI Paleontology Study Group Meeting - No meeting until September.  Have a great Summer!  Be ready for Show & Tell in September!

ESCONI Flashback Friday #12: Moon Rocks At Argonne #MoonLanding

As part of the run up to ESCONI's 70th Anniversary, here is Flashback Friday post #12.  If you have pictures or stories to contribute, please send them over to [email protected].  Thanks!

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From the September 1969 edition of the ESCONI "The Earth Science News".  Some Moon rocks were studied at Argonne National Laboratory in 1969 and the early 1970s.

Moon Rocks

In Room H 158 of Building 203 at Argonne National Laboratories is one of approximately 110 cogs in the wheel that may tell scientists what the noon is of and how it cot there.

In that room lies the 100 inch mass spectrometer, although the machine itself is much larger than 100 inches.

After September 15th, Paul Fields, an Argonne senior Chemist and  Donald Metta and Herbert Diamond will be using the mass spectrometer on moon samples taken during the Apollo 11 trip.

And— after January 15 and May 15 of next year the three men Will be experimenting with samples from Apollo 12 or 13.

The purpose of the experiments is to look into "the possibility of elements existing on the moon".  He will be searching for heavier mass elements such as uranium, plutonium, neptunium and  others, and anything that might exist that is heavier.

The spectrometer, one of the most sensitive in the world, uses a magnetic principle in taking separated elements and comparing the mass of charged atoms in a magnetic field to the known mass of elements.  There not many labs in the world that can do this.
 
Fields and the other 100 plus groups who are working on this have been given three months from the tine experiments begin to report findings.  A conference in Houston on December 15, will be held to  discuss findings.

Findings may prove facts about the noon's origin. The three present theories about the moon's origin could be narrowed to one. The most popular origin theory involves the moon coming very near the earth and being captured by earth's gravity.  In this case, the moon may not be made of the same thing as the earth.

The second- and third theories, that the noon tore free from the earth many years ago, and that both the earth an-I the noon were formed simultaneously may be proven if the samplings resemble the earth' s core.

Fields feels there may be different types of samples found in either Apollo 12 or 13 because Apollo 11 landed "in flats and it also looked like a lava bed". The others will probably give probably give more scientific information.

He feels Mars should be the next step though, "landing man on Mars is a real undertaking".

Paul Fields discovered einsteinium and fermium and aided in the discovery of nobelium.

 

The Guardian: Perhaps the best dinosaur fossil ever discovered. So why has hardly anyone seen it?

The excavated Dueling Dinosaurs. Photograph: Samuel Farar

The Guardian has an article about the so called "Dueling Dinosaurs".  The "Dueling Dinosaurs" are a large fossil plate that consists of both a 28 foot long ceratoptian (probably Triceratops horridus) and a 22 foot long theropod (possibly Tyrannosaurus rex or the controversial Nanotyrannus lancensis).  Both skeletons are fairly complete, with exceptional preservation, fully articulated, with envelops of mummified skin, and probably internal organs.  These are among the best dinosaur fossils ever found.  The article goes on to describe the discovery and the long court battle to decide who owns them.

he early June morning in Montana was already very hot and dry by 7.30, when Clayton Phipps and his friend, Mark Eatman, set out to search for fossils. Phipps, a rancher who calls himself the Dino Cowboy, was wearing his trademark black felt Stetson cattleman hat.

The two had gone bone collecting before, but they were joined on this day for the first time by Phipps’s cousin, Chad O’Connor. The trio fanned out to hike through the badlands of what they thought was the Judith River Formation; later, they would learn they had actually been in an area called Hell Creek, a division of gray and ochre sandstone, shale and clay deposited about 66m years ago during the Late Cretaceous, when the area was a swampy floodplain.

...

Phipps and O’Connor returned to the site about a month later, this time with Lige and Mary Ann Murray, ranchers who owned the land where the bones had been found. In the US, fossils found on private land belong to the landowner; prospectors simply need their permission to dig. The Murrays signed off, and Phipps and O’Connor got to work. They built a road to the site. They began excavating the ceratopsian with penknives and brushes. Business partners were brought in; secret contracts were arranged. Eatman came to help when he could, along with a rotating cast of confidants.

After two weeks, the body of the plant-eater had been revealed. It was more than a pelvis and femur – it looked like a fairly complete skeleton of Triceratops horridus, which is the triceratops you’re thinking of. One day, Phipps was behind the wheel of his uncle’s backhoe, scooping out soil from around the fossil so it could be removed. Carefully watching each dump of the bucket, at one point he noticed dark fragments among the light-colored sandstone.

Bone chips.

Oh no, he thought. He jumped down, combed through the sand, found the claw of a theropod. Theropods, like Tyrannosaurus rex, are three-toed carnivores. That doesn’t match the plant-eater, Phipps thought. What is happening here?

 

 

 

 

SciNews: New Bird-Like Dinosaur Unearthed in Wyoming

Hesperornithoides miessleri. Image credit: Gabriel Ugueto

SciNews has an article about the discovery of a new bird-like dinosaur in Wyoming.  The animal, Hesperornithoides miessleri, lived about 150 million years ago, during the Jurassic period.  It has been nicknamed Lori and was about the size of a chicken.  Its contemporaries were giant dinosaurs like Stegaoaurus, Diplodocus, and Allosaurus.  The description appeared in a paper in the Journal PeerJ.

Hesperornithoides miessleri is a highly terrestrial proto-bird, suggesting that many features scientists associate with being bird-like evolved in dinosaurs that lived out their lives on the ground.

“We found that Lori is a primitive member of a group of dinosaurs that includes Troodon, but perhaps more importantly we discovered that the smaller details of the family tree of bird-like dinosaurs isn’t quite as resolved as some researchers would claim,” said team leader Scott Hartman, a PhD candidate at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

“For example, it only takes a few changes in the dataset for Hesperornithoides miessleri to be found as a closer relative of Velociraptor than of Troodon.”

“One robust finding we did come up with is that even as the interrelationships changed, the primitive members of all these groups were non-flying ground dwelling dinosaurs.”

“That means that some small relatives of Velociraptor such as Microraptor that looks like it could have glided evolved this separately from the modern bird family.”

SciNews: Small horned dinosaur from China, a Triceratops relative, walked on two feet

SciNews has an article about a relative of the iconic dinosaur Triceratops.  Auroraceratops rugosus lived about 115 million years ago in China's Gansu Providence. It was discovered in 2005.  And, in the intervening years, about 80 individuals have been found.  Some recent analysis has led to the theory that Auroraceratops walked on two feet instead of four like its later relatives.   This research appears in a paper in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

In the intervening years, scientists have recovered fossils from more than 80 individual Auroraceratops, bringing this small-bodied plant-eater into the ranks of the most completely known dinosaurs. It is now one of the few very early horned dinosaurs known from complete skeletons. In a collection of articles appearing as Memoir 18 in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology this week, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, and other institutions describe the anatomy, age, preservation, and evolution of this large collection of Auroraceratops.

Their analysis places Auroraceratops, which lived roughly 115 million years ago, as an early member of the group Ceratopsia, or horned dinosaurs, the same group to which Triceratops belongs. In contrast to Triceratops, Auroraceratops is small, approximately 49 inches (1.25 meters) in length and 17 inches (44 cm) tall, weighing on average 34 pounds (15.5 kilograms). While Auroraceratops has a short frill and beak that characterize it as a horned dinosaur, it lacks the "true" horns and extensive cranial ornamentation of Triceratops.

PBS Eons: How Volcanoes Froze the Earth (Twice)

 

PBS Eons has a new episode.  This one is about Snowball Earth, which is the theory that the whole earth was covered by ice.  This happened at least twice in the last 700 million years.

Over 600 million years ago, sheets of ice coated our planet on both land and sea. How did this happen? And most importantly for us, why did the planet eventually thaw again? The evidence for Snowball Earth is written on every continent today.

50 Years Ago We Landed On the Moon! #MoonLanding #NYTimes

See Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s historic photographs and words from the moonwalk. By THE NEW YORK TIMES

The NY Times Science Time section has a bunch of stories about the Moon landing 50 years ago today, July 21st, 1969.  Here is a partial list of related stories.

• The Apollo 11 Moon Landing in Augmented Reality
• For 50 Years Since Apollo 11, Presidents Have Tried to Take That Next Giant Leap
• We Went to the Moon. Why Can’t We Solve Climate Change?
• Just Before the Eagle Landed, an Alien Arrived in Our Living Room
• Everything Else You Need to Read on the Moon Landing

Enjoy!

 

AMNH: Large Sea Snakes, Giant Catfish Once Swam in the Sahara

During the Late Cretaceous–early Paleogene, the shallow waters of the Trans-Saharan Seaway waters were teeming with aquatic species which ranged from small mollusks to giant sea snakes and catfish. © Carl Buell

The American Museum of Natural History has an article about how the Sahara Dessert looked before it became a dessert.  The area was underwater 50-100 million years ago.   Fossil evidence shows that there were giant species of catfish, sea snakes, and fishes called the area home.  The details are in a paper published in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.

The Sahara Desert is the world’s largest hot desert, but 50 to 100 million years ago it was under water—and home to giant species of catfish, sea snakes, and fishes.

A new study from Museum Research Associate Maureen O’Leary, professor of Anatomical Sciences at the Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, and colleagues from the U.S., Australia, and Mali that was published in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History last week incorporates findings from 20 years of field research in the Sahara Desert to provide the first reconstructions of some of these extinct species.

The geological and fossil record of West Africa shows that the region was once crossed by a saltwater body, at a time when sea levels were high in the aftermath of the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana during the late Mesozoic Era. In fact, 40 percent of current land was under water—including areas that are now arid deserts.

ESCONI Flashback Friday #11: September 1969 Field Trip - Sylvania Ohio on Labor Day Weekend by Bill and Virginia Popp

As part of the run up to ESCONI's 70th Anniversary, here is Flashback Friday post #11.  If you have pictures or stories to contribute, please send them over to [email protected].  Thanks!

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Here is a poem about a September 1969 Field Trip to Sylvania, OH.  It was written by Bill and Virginia Popp and appeared in the November 1969 (20th Anniversary) Issue of the ESCONI Newsletter.  They were given Meritorious Service Awards in 1973.  Virginia was President in 1981 and 1982, 1st Vice President in 1979 and 1980, 2nd Vice President in 1977 and 1978, Recording Secretary from 1972 to 1975, and Historian in 1976.  Bill was Field Trip Chairman from 1969 to 1972 and served as the leader of various study groups over the years.

SEPTEMBER FIELD TRIP — Sylvania Ohio on Labor Day Weekend

T he start of the group hunting again brought
R ich returns to the Esconites who hunted
I n the Medusa Quarry, Sylvania, Ohio, for trilobites on
L abor day weekend. After 'the summer its great to be
O n the hunt again. Saturday morning was a
B right, sunny day end we assembled at the site to dig
I n the pile of rocks that held the treasured
T rilobites we sought. Rocks soon were rubble as
E ach rock hound hoped his would be THE ONE.
S oon pieces of them started finding a place in our bags.

C langing of hammers rang out and again we
A ll were hard at-work seeking thee-fossils and
L arge brachiopods that are so well preserved.
C rawling over the rubble was turning up heads and tails
I in the little pieces of rock.
T rying to stay cool in the quarry was a problem. Soon
E ach rockhound sought the coolness of his nest.

F oth's nursery was tha beautiful camping grounds for
L ucky campers this trip. A perfect spot to relax
O r just have a Pot Luck supper, where all of us
R eally had a delightful evening talking and resting.
I n the company of a wonderful host and hostess.
T o the Foth's we say, "Thanks again," to you from
E ach of us who enjoyed your hospitality on that Saturday night.

P ugh Quarry on Sunday, was a treasure box for.
Y our crystal collection. Blasting on Friday. had
R ewarded us with many good specimens. Some were
I nbedded for the hammer and chisel brigade
T o chop out and add to the goodies that
E ach of us wrapped carefully to work on later.

M ost of the Esconite were hosts to Mr. and Mrs. Foth
A t dinner Sunday night. Besides talking over the
R ock and mineral finds, we all enjoyed the food.
C collecting on Monday would be at either quarry,
A t the end of the evening we said our, "Farewells".
S oon we were planning which quarry we would be
I n looking for those last finds before we
T urned our thoughts and cars for that ride home.
E ach of the 42 rockhounds, including guests,- will long remember trilobites, crystals, and the Foth's.

by Bill and Virginia Popp

 

SciNews: A Greek skull may belong to the oldest human found outside of Africa

K. HARVATI ET AL/NATURE 2019

SciNews has a story about a skull discovered on Greece's southern coast in 1978.  That skull dates to at least 210,000 years ago.  It was encased in a rock that included a Neandertal skull dating to at least 170,000 years ago.  If these findings are verified, this skill represents the oldest Homo sapiens fossil outside of Africa and increases that age by 160,000 years!  That original paper appeared in the journal Nature.

“Multiple Homo sapiens populations dispersed out of Africa starting much earlier, and reaching much farther into Europe, than previously thought,” Harvati said at a July 8 news conference. African H. sapiensoriginated roughly 300,000 years ago (SN: 7/8/17, p. 6).

A small group of humans may have reached what’s now Greece more than 200,000 years ago, she suggested. Neandertals who settled in southeastern Europe not long after that may have replaced those first H. sapiens. Then humans arriving in Mediterranean Europe tens of thousands of years later would eventually have replaced resident Neandertals, who died out around 40,000 years ago (SN Online: 6/26/19).

But Harvati’s group can’t exclude the possibility that H. sapiens and Neandertals simultaneously inhabited southeastern Europe more than 200,000 years ago and sometimes interbred. A 2017 analysis of ancient and modern DNA concluded that humans likely mated with European Neandertals at that time.   

The two skulls were held in a small section of wall that had washed into Greece’s Apidima Cave from higher cliff sediment and then solidified roughly 150,000 years ago. Since one skull is older than the other, each must originally have been deposited in different sediment layers before ending up about 30 centimeters apart on the cave wall, the researchers say.

SciNews: ‘Shovel-Billed’ Dinosaur Roamed Texas 80 Million Years Ago

Aquilarhinus palimentus lived approximately 80 million years ago in what is now Texas. Image credit: ICRA Art.

SciNews has an article about the discovery of a primitive hadrosaur.  The specimen was found and collected in the 1980s and 1990s in Texas and is called Aquilarhinus palimentus.  It belongs to Hadrosauridae (duck-billed dinosaurs) a group of plant-eating dinosaurs from the Cretaceous period.  The original paper appeared in the Journal of Systematic Paleontology.

“Hadrosaurids were the most common herbivorous dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic Era, and all had a similar-looking snout,” the researchers said.

“The front of the jaws meet in a U-shape to support a cupped beak used for cropping plants.”

“The beak of some species is broader than in others, but there was no evidence of a significantly different shape and therefore likely also different feeding style in duckbills until Aquilarhinus palimentus was discovered.”

The lower jaws of Aquilarhinus palimentus meet in a peculiar W-shape, creating a wide, flattened scoop.

PBS Eons: The Hellacious Lives of the "Hell Pigs"

 

Check out the episode of PBS Eons about "Hell Pigs".  Archaeotherium and Daeodon were species that lived in North America from about 40 million to 17 million years ago.  The group may be most closely related to modern whales and hippos.  As always, a very interesting and informative video!

Despite the name, we don’t know where the so-called “hell pigs” belong in the mammalian family tree. They walked on hooves, like pigs do, but had longer legs, almost like deer. They had hunched backs, a bit like rhinos or bison. But as is often, if not always, the case, there is some evolutionary method to this anatomical madness.

Palaeocast Episode 101: Organic Preservation of Dinosaur Bone

There's a new episode of the Palaeocast podcast.  It's a discussion with Dr. Evan Saitta of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, who recently published a paper that investigates the controversial discoveries.

Fossilisation of organic material was long thought to result in the complete loss of original content. However in the last 20 years, several high-profile publications reported the discovery of proteins, blood vessels, blood cells and even DNA. But for as long as these arguments have existed, so too has a counterargument as to the validity of the discoveries.

In this episode, we’re joined by Dr Evan Saitta of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, lead author of a recent paper seeking to discover and evaluate the preservation of putative original organic materials within dinosaur bones.

ESCONI Field Trip Photos: Ordovician Hard Rock Quarry in Roscoe, IL July 13th, 2019

It was a beautiful day to collect fossils today.  The Fossil Forum user Praefectus posted a great field trip report for our field trip to an Ordovician Hard Rock Quarry in the Fossil Hunting Trips forum.  Here are a few pictures to enjoy and visit the link to read more.

Fossil Forum: Mazon Creek Threads

Looking for information about Mazon Creek fossils and collecting?  Look no further than The Fossil Forum.  The Fossil Forum is loaded with valuable information on all fossil subjects.  It's an awesome site with great people.  Typically, there are numerous informative discussions between both amateurs and professional.  Check it out!

Here are some links to some recent informative threads about collecting Mazon Creek fossils.

• Sometimes You Have To Whack It
• Torino Hill/Mine #6 - Mazon Creek
• It's Summer And You Want To Go To Pit 11 For Mazon Creek Fossils
• Mazon Creek Spots
• ESCONI Braceville Shaft Mine Trip 5-18-19
• New Mazon Creek Collection
• First Time at Mazon Creek